JETS Institute: Publications

PUBLICATIONS …

BOOKS next | top

Fransman, Martin (2002) Telecoms in the Internet Age: From Boom to Bust to …? Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Fransman, Martin (1999) Visions of Innovation: The Firm and Japan. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Collinson, Simon (1996) Small and Successful in Japan: A Study of 30 British Firms in the World's Most Competitive Market. Avebury Press, London.

Fransman, Martin (1995) Japan's Computer and Communications Industry: The Evolution of Industrial Giants and Global Competitiveness. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Fransman, Martin, Gerd Junne and Annemieke Roobeek (eds) (1995) The Biotechnology Revolution? Blackwell, Oxford.

Fransman, Martin (1990) The Market and Beyond. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

ARTICLES next | top

Fransman, Martin (2004, forthcoming) The Telecoms Boom and Bust 1996-2003 and the Role of Financial Markets, Journal of Evolutionary Economics.

Fransman, Martin (2004, forthcoming) ‚'The Telecoms Boom and Bust, 1996-2002: Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Processing' in Bohlin, E., Levin, S.T., Sung, N, and Yoon C-H (eds) Global Economy and Digital Society, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Fransman, Martin (forthcoming) 'Convergence, the Internet and Multimedia: Implications for the Evolution of Industries and Technologies', in Bohlin, E., Brodin, K., Lundgren A. and Thorngren B. (eds.) Convergence in Communications and Beyond. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

Fransman, Martin (2003) 'Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry into the Internet Age', in Madden, G. and Savage, S.J. (eds.) The International Handbook on Telecommunications Economics, Volume I. Edward Elgar, Aldershot.

Fransman, Martin (2003) Telecom Italia: Italy's High Tech Old-Style Telecoms Incumbent, International Centre for Economic Research, Working Paper No. 6, University of Torino.

Fransman, Martin (2003) Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry, In Madden, G, (ed) The International Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Volume III, pp. 15-38, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.

Fransman, Martin (2002) Telecoms in the Internet Age: From Boom to Bust to…? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Winner of the 2003 Wadsworth Prize. (Review, Financial Times, October 16, 2002)

Fransman, Martin and Krafft, J (2002) Telecommunications Industry, The Handbook of Economics, International Encyclopedia of Business and Management, W. Lazonick (ed), London: Thomson.

Fransman, Martin (2002) 'Mapping the Evolving Telecoms Industry: The Uses and Shortcomings of the Layer Model', Telecommunications Policy, 26, 473-483.

Fransman, Martin (2001) 'Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry into the Internet Age', Communications & Strategies, No 43, 3rd Quarter, 57-113.

Fransman, Martin (2001) 'Designing Dolly: Interactions between economics, technology and science and the evolution of hybrid institutions', Research Policy, 30, 263-273.

Fransman, Martin (2001) Analysing the Evolution of Industry: The Relevance of the Telecommunications Industry, Economics of Innovation and NewTechnology, 10, 109-140.

Kano, Sadahiko (2000) 'Technical Innovations, Standardization and Regional Comparison - A Case Study in Mobile Communications', Telecommunications Policy, 24 (4), 305-321

Fransman, Martin (1999) 'Where Are the Japanese? Japanese Information and Communications Firms in an Internetworked World', Telecommunications Policy 23, 317-333.

Fransman, Martin (1999) 'Three Stories about the Computer Industry and the Relevance of the Loasbian View of the Firm', in Dow, S.C. and Earl, P.E. (eds.) Contingency, Complexity and the Theory of the Firm: Essays in Honour of Brian J. Loasby, Volume II. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp92-112.

Fransman, Martin (1998) 'Information, Knowledge, Vision and Theories of the Firm', in Dosi, G., Teece, D.J. and Chytry, J. (eds.) Technology, Organization, and Competitiveness: Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change. Oxford University Press, New York.

Fransman, Martin (1997) 'Towards a New Agenda for Japanese Telecommunications', Telecommunications Policy, 21 (2), 185-194.

Fransman, Martin (1996) 'The Future of Japanese Telecommunications', Telecommunications Policy, 20 (2), 83-88.

Fransman, Martin (1996) 'Information Regarding the Information Superhighway and Interpretive Ambiguity', IEEE Communications Magazine, July, 76-80.

Collinson, Simon (1995) 'Organising for Multimedia Product Development: Philips and Sony Compared', Communications & Strategies, No 19, 3rd Quarter, 47-77.

Fransman, Martin (1995) 'Is National Technology Policy Obsolete in a Globalised World?: The Japanese Response', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 95-119.

Fransman, Martin and Shoko Tanaka (1995) 'Government, Globalisation and Universities in Japanese Biotechnology', Research Policy, 24, 13-49.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'The Japanese Innovation System: How it Works', Prometheus, 12 (1), 36-45.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'The Japanese Innovation System: How it Works', in Dodgson, M. and Rothwell, R. (eds.) The Handbook of Industrial Innovation. Edward Elgar, Aldershot.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'Information, Knowledge, Vision and Theories of the Firm', Industrial and Corporate Change, 3 (2), 1-45.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'Economics and Innovation: The Knowledge-Based Approach to Japanese Firms and the Relevance of Economic Thought', in Granstrand, O. (ed.) Economics of Technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'Different Folks, Different Strokes - How IBM, AT&T and NEC Segment to Compete', Business Strategy Review, 5 (3), 1-20.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'Biotechnology: Generation, Diffusion and Policy', in Cooper, C. (ed.) Technology and Innovation in the International Economy. Edward Elgar, Aldershot, pp41-148.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'AT&T, BT and NTT: Vision, Strategy, Corporate Competence, Path-Dependence and the Role of R&D', in Pogorel, G. (ed.) Global Telecommunications Strategies and Technological Changes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp249-286.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'AT&T, BT and NTT: The Role of R&D', Telecommunications Policy, 18 (4), 295-305.

Fransman, Martin (1994) 'AT&T, BT and NTT: A Comparison of Vision, Strategy and Competence', Telecommunications Policy, 18 (2), 137-153.

Fransman, Martin (1993) Strategic Decision Making in the Global Telecommunications Market - Vision, Corporate Competence and R&D at AT&T, BT and NTT. PICT Policy Research Paper No 22. London: ESRC.

Collinson, Simon (1993) 'Managing Product Innovation at Sony: The Development of the Data Discman', Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 5 (3), 285-306.

Fransman, Martin (1992) 'Japanese Failure in a High-Tech Industry?: The Case of Central Office Telecommunications Switches', Telecommunications Policy, 16 (3), 259-276. Published in Japanese in Telecommunications 6 (1991) 54 (534), 15-31.

Fransman, Martin (1992) 'Controlled Competition in the Japanese Telecommunications Equipment Industry: The Case of Central Office Switches', in Antonelli, C. (ed.) The Economics of Information Networks. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp247-271.

Fransman, Martin (1992) Biotechnology: Generation, Diffusion and Policy. An Interpretive Survey. Institute for New Technologies, United Nations University, Maastricht.

Fransman, Martin (1991) 'What We Know About the Japanese Innovation System and What We Need to Know', in Inose, H. et al (eds.) Science and Technology Policy Research. MITA, Tokyo, pp445-464.

Fransman, Martin (1989) 'Industrial Applications of Biotechnology: Implications for Industrial Policy in Developing Countries', in New Technologies and Global Industrialization, Prospects for Developing Countries. UNIDO, Vienna, pp137-164.

Fransman, Martin (1988) 'What has Zimbabwe to Learn from the Asian Newly Industrialised Countries?', in Stoneman, C. (ed.) Zimbabwe's Prospects. Macmillan, London, pp209-217.

Fransman, Martin (1988) 'The Japanese System and the Acquisition, Assimilation and Further Development of Technical Knowledge: Organizational Form, Markets and Government', in Elliott, B. (ed.) Technology and Social Process. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp111-130.

Fransman, Martin (1988) 'Corporate Strategy and Technology Transfer in the Japanese Biotechnology-Creating System', in Proceedings of the Biosymposium, Tokyo '88, pp461-470.

JETS PAPERS next | top

JETS Papers (listed below) cost £7.50 each and are available from JETS. Send your order together with payment (in sterling only) to Mrs Lynne Dyer, Administrative Secretary, Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies, University of Edinburgh, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, Scotland, UK. All remittances should be made payable to the 'University of Edinburgh'.

No 19 Martin Fransman (2000)
Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry into the Internet Age
How has the telecommunications industry changed since the mid-1980s when liberalisation began in Japan, the UK and the US and what are the causes of this change? How has the Internet affected the telecoms industry? This paper deals with these two questions. In this paper the interrelated causes of change are analysed that led, in the first place, to the transformation of the old telecoms industry into the new telecoms industry and then, almost simultaneously, to the latter's metamorphosis into the infocommunications industry. The demise of the old telecoms industry began in the mid-1980s when, due to different combinations of political-economic circumstances, the monopoly of telecoms was ended in Japan, the UK and the US. By the late 1990s, with the agreement of the European Union to fully liberalise its telecoms markets and the similar agreement of the WTO, there was a widespread consensus that the liberalisation of telecoms is essential. The roots of change that gave birth to the new telecoms industry in the early 1990s, however, as this paper will show, were far more fundamental than the political and regulatory decisions that finally legitimised the changes. In the 1990s a new set of influences that had begun thirty years earlier in an initially unrelated set of activities, brought about fundamental forces that further transformed the telecoms industry into the infocommunications industry. These influences came from the Internet based on its triad of core technologies: packet-switching; Internet Protocol (IP); and the World Wide Web.

No 18 Martin Fransman (1999)
Where Are The Japanese? Japanese Information and Communications Firms in an Internetworked World
A decade ago Japanese information and communications (ICT) companies were perceived as posing a significant competitive threat to their Western competitors. Now they are perceived as being in a state of crisis and decline. Have Japanese ICT firms collapsed? Are they to be written off in the global competitive race? This paper examines these questions in two ways: by analysing the strengths and weaknesses of Japanese competencies in the computer, telecommunications equipment, semiconductor and consumer electronics sectors; and by examining how well they have adapted to the radical change constituted by the emergence of the Internetworked World. Particular attention is paid to the specific case of Japanese consumer electronics and the Sony success story. The paper ends with an examination of the implications of the current crises facing these Japanese firms and their corporate restructuring responses. Several predictions are made regarding the future. The other companies analysed include Fujitsu, Hitachi, Matsushita, NEC and Toshiba.

No 17 Martin Fransman (1998)
Convergence, The Internet and Multimedia: Sony's Response and the Implications for Asian Tigers
In a companion JETS Paper, Convergence, the Internet and Multimedia: Implications for the Evolution of Industries and Technologies, it is shown that the Internet based on IP (internet protocol) packet switching has provided a radical new paradigm for the information and communications industries. A 'paradigm' refers to the set of beliefs, assumptions, approaches, and activities that define a consensus regarding how things should be done. This new paradigm is causing waves of creation-destruction, to use the words of the economist Joseph Schumpeter, in the information and communications industries - such as computers, semiconductors, software, and telecommunications - as well as in the industries whose past business activities are radically challenged by the new functionalities provided by the Internet. How are firms reacting to the advent of the Internet? How does the emergence of the Internet relate to the related phenomena of the convergence between computers and communications and multimedia? These questions are examined closely in this paper with respect to the responses of one of the most important electronics firms in the world, namely Sony of Japan. In the final section some of the implications for other Asian countries and firms are briefly discussed.

No 16 Martin Fransman (1998)
Convergence, The Internet and Multimedia: Implications for the Evolution of Industries and Technologies
In this paper it is shown that the Internet, based on IP (internet protocol) packet switching, has created a 'new paradigm' for the information and communications industry. A 'paradigm' refers to the set of beliefs, assumptions, approaches, and activities that define a consensus regarding how things should be done. The Internet has provided a radical challenge for the main information and communications industries - namely computers, semiconductors, software, and telecommunications - and also for many other industries whose businesses are fundamentally affected by the functionalities provided by the Internet, such as the financial, insurance, and travel sectors. How did this new Internet Paradigm emerge and when was it first recognised as a new paradigm? How is the Internet related to the phenomenon of 'convergence' - namely the convergence of computing and communications, and precisely what is meant by convergence? What implications does the new Internet Paradigm have for the way in which technical change and innovation occur in the ICT industries? These are the three questions that are examined closely in this paper. What are the implications of the Internet and convergence for Asian firms, countries, and governments? This question is tackled in a companion JETS Paper, Convergence, The Internet and Multimedia: Sony's Response and the Implications for Asian Tigers.

No 15 Martin Fransman (1998)
Designing Dolly: The Interactions between Economics, Technology and Science
The cloning of Dolly the sheep announced in 1997 was widely regarded as one of the most important events of that year with important ramifications in many areas of human endeavour. But how did it happen that this breakthrough was made at the Roslin Institute and PPL Therapeutics just outside Edinburgh in Scotland? More specifically, what were the determining processes that led eventually to the birth of Dolly? Although Dolly was hailed as an important scientific event, was this a purely scientific matter, the application of scientific theories, or did technological and economic determinants also play a significant role? And if technological and economic factors were also important, how did they interact with the scientific processes that contributed to the cloning of Dolly? These are some of the questions that are examined in this paper. To anticipate some of the answers that are given in the paper, it is shown that the advent of Dolly is best understood as part of a process of design, and hence the title of the paper. The overall aim of the design was to increase productivity in the field of animal production. It is here that the economic determinants entered in the form of the perceived economic payoffs which would follow from improvements in productivity. The search for improvements, it is shown in the paper, was driven by the prospect of economic payoffs. It involved seeking an alternative technology that would overcome many of the limitations of the then current technology. In the process, however, further scientific puzzles and questions were thrown up, helping to shape future scientific research agendas. In addition to examining the intermingled economic, technological and scientific processes that ultimately resulted in the successful cloning of Dolly - and disentangling these processes - the paper also draws attention to the institutions in which these processes were embedded. More specifically, it is shown that three kinds of institutions were involved; namely, a university (Edinburgh University), a publicly-funded research institute (the Roslin Institute), and a private firm (PPL Therapeutics). In terms of the processes involved, it is very difficult to draw boundaries around these institutions, separating the contribution made by each. Far from being unique to the Dolly case, however, it is suggested that such hybrid institutions have emerged as the general rule in many of the science-based industries where the knowledge base of the firms involved exists, not only in the firm itself and other firms, but also in universities and government-funded research institutions. For academic analysts and policy makers this raises a host of important questions regarding 'how these hybrid institutions work' and what might be done to improve their effectiveness.

No 14 Martin Fransman (1996)
Towards a New Agenda for Japanese Telecommunications
What are the most important issues confronting the Japanese telecommunications industry? In an earlier paper on the future of Japanese telecommunications the author argued that, while the current debate in Japan has focused almost exclusively on whether or not NTT should be divested, a more important question is how to ensure the establishment of competitive conditions in the various markets for telecoms services, including local access. In the present paper the author takes this argument further by suggesting that in formulating an agenda for the future of Japanese telecommunications it is essential to distinguish between a number of crucial short run and long run issues.

No 13 Martin Fransman (1995)
NTT and Japanese Telecommunications at the Crossroads: What Will the Future Bring?
The winds of change are howling through Japanese telecommunications as the Japanese government examines both the future of NTT - Japan's largest carrier and by far the world's largest company in terms of market value - and the country's telecommunications industry more generally. Should NTT be broken up into smaller independent units the way AT&T was in 1984? Or will this lead to a weakening of Japan's position in globalising telecommunications markets? How can competitive conditions be established in these markets in Japan? How can NTT's near monopolisation of the local telecommunications market in Japan be ended and new competition created? How should the Japanese telecommunications regulators regulate? These are some of the questions tackled in this paper written on the basis of the author's participation in the Financial Times conference on the future of Japanese telecommunications held in Tokyo and his subsequent discussions with leaders in Japanese companies, government and universities conducted towards the end of 1995. This paper will be of interest to policy-makers in both governments and companies as well as to academics and other analysts of the telecommunications industry.

No 12 Simon Collinson and Alfonso Molina (1995)
Reorganising for Knowledge Integration and Constituency-Building in the Era of Multimedia: Product Development at Sony and Philips
Multimedia has joined motherhood and apple pie as one of the great 'goods' of contemporary society as telecommunications, computing, consumer electronics, broadcasting and entertainment companies have jumped onto the multimedia bandwagon and begun offering their wares. But how are new multimedia products developed? What kinds of multimedia products will come to dominate the future information society? And how do companies manage to acquire the knowledge that they need which often lies beyond their boundaries? These are amongst the key questions that Collinson and Molina tackle in this paper. Based on personal detailed interviews conducted in two of the major multimedia companies - Sony and Philips - the paper analyses the development of two early multimedia products: Sony's Data Discman and Philips's Photo-CD. The study also examines the process of alliance building - constituency building in the authors' terminology - that has become an essential part of not only getting a product developed but also ensuring its widespread adoption and acceptance. As the authors' so lucidly show, the processes of developing and successfully selling multimedia products are extremely complex and, furthermore, companies differ significantly in the ways in which, and effectiveness with which, they deal with these issues. This paper illustrates well JETS's concern not only with rigorous analyses of the innovation process but also the policy implications and complexities that follow from such studies. The paper will therefore be relevant not only for both social scientists interested in innovation and companies but also for decision-makers in companies and governments hoping to influence multimedia outcomes.

No 11 Martin Fransman (1994)
Is National Technology Policy Obsolete in a Globalised World? The Japanese Response
With the election of President Clinton and Vice-President Gore, national technology policy, aimed at strengthening the competitiveness of national firms, is receiving a higher profile than before. However, many now argue that since national economies are becoming increasingly globalised, knowledge leakages prevent national technology policies from achieving success. This paper examines how Japan has responded to this argument.

No 10 Simon Collinson (1994)
New Multimedia Product Development at Sony: Organising for Innovation and Market Success
Automobiles and consumer electronics are the two major Japanese success stories. However, while a great deal of research has focused on the former, little has been done to understand what underlies Japanese strengths in the latter. Lessons from various analyses of Japanese industry suggest that a central competitive advantage lies in their organisation of the product development process. The study described in this paper looked at Sony's development of a multimedia product, the Data Discman, involving a range of different technologies and alliances with other firms. Managers at Sony suggest that, beyond the use of 'concurrent engineering' teams, there are a number of organisational structures at Sony that promote the integration of specialist knowledge and expertise from different parts of the firm, which is particularly necessary for this type of project. A critical role is played by the 'merchandiser', a cross-divisional entrepreneur who mobilises resources and expertise to fulfil product development strategies. These structures underlie Sony's ability to bring relevant skills from different divisions to focus quickly and effectively to meet market needs.

No 9 Janet Lauchlan (1993)
The Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry - A World Beater?
Contrasting the consumer electronics and automobile industries, chemicals and pharmaceuticals companies in Japan have not been particularly successful in the global arena. Little is known about how these industries in Japan differ from their relatively successful counterparts in Europe. Lauchlan's paper provides an overview of the development of the pharmaceutical sector in Japan, tracing its history and showing the importance of government regulations and the unique characteristics of Japan's healthcare environment. Restrictions on corporate ownership, plus government control over drug licensing, approval and patenting activities have helped protect the local industry from overseas competition. However, there is still a relatively high level of penetration of foreign firms in Japan's domestic market compared to other industrial sectors. Current changes are also examined. The paper looks at the effects of the ageing of the Japanese population, trends in therapeutic areas, new directions in R&D and shifts in companies' international operations. The heart of the issue is whether Japanese pharmaceutical companies are likely to catch up and overtake European companies in strategic areas.

No 8 Martin Fransman (1992)
AT&T, BT and NTT: Vision, Strategy, Corporate Competence, Path-Dependence and the Role of R&D
With the liberalisation of telecommunications markets and the globalisation of telecommunications, all three companies exist in an environment that is becoming increasingly similar but each has decided to 'play its cards' in fundamentally different ways - for example, there is a significant difference in the percentage of sales each company spends on R&D. This paper argues that the difference can largely be traced to a different attitude regarding the advantages and disadvantages of three options for the acquisition of 'network elements': in-house production, co-operation joint development and purchase on the market. However, the decision between these three methods does not by itself determine the allocation of resources to R&D, since R&D may be carried out to keep abreast of current developments even if 'network elements' are bought in. Therefore, the paper goes on to analyse the role and organisation of R&D in each of the three companies. It concludes that how companies decide to play their cards is determined by their 'visions' of the future and that such visions embody the firm's specific experience, knowledge and beliefs about the world.

No 7 Janet Lauchlan (1992)
Does UK Plc Benefit from Japanese Laboratories in Britain?
This paper reports the results of a pilot study into Japanese research, design and development in Britain. Information on, for example, the extent of such Japanese activities in the UK, the areas of research, reasons for choosing the UK, personnel policies and future plans is presented and discussed. In addition, some of the arguments 'pro' and 'con' Japanese research activities in Britain are analysed.

No 6 Martin Fransman (1991)
Explaining the Performance of the Japanese Large Company
This paper examines the performance of large Japanese companies and, in attempting to explain performance, raises the question: 'What is a firm?'. The underlying conceptualisation is that a firm is a form of organisation for the co-ordination, use and creation of knowledge. Of particular concern are the issues of the fragmentation of knowledge accompanying the process of specialisation. The problem of knowledge fragmentation is addressed through an analysis of the just-in-time and kanban system and the process of new product development. The main empirical focus of the paper is the organisation of central research laboratories in large Japanese companies. In this context, four problems are examined: 1) What research does the firm need now?; 2) How to prevent 'irrelevant' research; 3) What research is needed for the future?; and 4) Should the required research be undertaken in-house or ex-house? Finally, an examination of the origins of the knowledge-based approach is presented.

No 5 J. Innes, F. Mitchell and T. Yoshikawa (1991)
Cost Tables: A Foundation of Cost Management in Japan
'Flexibility' of information flows between different functional areas of the company is often argued to aid the competitiveness of Japanese companies by ensuring that manufacturing considerations are taken into account at the design stage and by ensuring that the requirements of different market segments are catered for. This paper examines the role of cost accounting in Japanese companies, particularly the use of 'cost tables', which are used in a more far-reaching way by Japanese accountants than by their Western counterparts in order to estimate the cost implications of changes in product design or process technology. This requires accountants to develop skills in areas far removed from accountancy, narrowly defined, and can allow companies to estimate final unit cost at the planning stage in the design process to an accuracy of about twelve per cent.

No 4 Martin Fransman (1991)
Japanese Failure in a High-Tech Industry? The Case of Central Office Telecommunications Switches
This paper analyses what seems to be an example of a Japanese 'relative failure' (i.e. relative to outstanding successes in areas such as cars and consumer electronics) in central office telecommunications switches. This field is rapidly becoming a major battleground in the global market for telecommunications equipment and the paper assesses how well Japanese companies are likely to perform and whether their performance so far can be judged a 'failure'.

No 3 Martin Fransman and Shoko Tanaka (1991)
The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Japanese Innovation System in Biotechnology
This paper analyses the distinctive characteristics of the Japanese biotechnology system, including the relative absence of small start-up firms; the close relationship between large biotechnology-related firms and the relevant Ministries on the one hand and the ruling Liberal Democratic Party on the other; the importance of government-initiated co-operative research programmes; and the relative weakness of Japanese universities compared to Western counterparts in some areas of the life sciences. Particular attention is paid to three high-profile co-operative research programmes: the Next Generation Base Technologies Programme; the Protein Engineering Research Institute (PERI); and the ERATO programme.

No 2 Martin Fransman (1991)
Controlled Competition in the Japanese Telecommunications Industry: The Case of Central Office Switches
This paper analyses the 'NTT Family System', a form of organisation whereby the development of complex telecommunications equipment in Japan has involved long-term relationships between the country's main telecommunications operator, NTT, and a small group of major Japanese equipment suppliers. As well as examining the history of this system, Fransman assesses how well it has prepared the telecommunications companies for the upcoming battle in the global telecommunications market.

No 1 Koji Kobayashi (1991)
The Making of NEC's Postwar Strategies
This paper is the text of Dr Kobayashi's Distinguished Visiting Speaker address delivered at JETS on 5th June, 1990. In it, the Chairman and Representative Director of NEC elaborates on the way in which NEC developed its current strength in the three areas of computing, communications and semiconductors and on his role in formulating the 'vision' that guided the company's attempt to realise the synergies between these areas.

OTHER | top

Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies, University of Edinburgh; Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford; Istituto d'Affari Internazionali, University of Rome; Department of Urban and Regional Development, Panteio University of Athens; Industrial Policy Development Group, The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2000) Final Report on Project financed within the EU TSER Programme 'Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Europe and East Asia: Competition, Collaboration and Lessons for Policy Support'.

Nils Tomes (1995) 'Global Quality: Software Engineering Achievements in Japan and the UK'. JETS Research Report, Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies, University of Edinburgh.

Nils Tomes (1995) 'UK-Japanese Comparative Study of Software Engineering: Final Report'. JETS Research Report, Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies, University of Edinburgh.

Janet Lauchlan (1993) 'How to Attract Japanese R&D to Europe: A Study of the Determinants and Effects of Japanese R&D Activities in Europe'. JETS Research Report, Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies, University of Edinburgh.

Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies (1993) 'Report on Major Japanese R&D Centres in Europe'. JETS Research Report, Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies, University of Edinburgh.